What is federalism?

• A. A system where power is divided between national and state governments.
• B. A system where the federal government holds all power
• C. A system of independent city-states
• D. A system where only local governments exist

Answer: (A)

Federalism is the division of power between national and state governments, giving both levels their own areas of authority within a single political system. This setup lets the national government handle nationwide concerns—like defense and treaties—while states handle local matters—such as education and public safety—so policies can fit local needs while still sharing a national framework. Both levels derive authority from the people and operate within constitutional boundaries, allowing cooperation and balance rather than concentrating all power in one place.

The other descriptions don’t fit federalism: a system where the federal government holds all power describes a unitary structure, not federalism. Independent city-states point to a collection of sovereign jurisdictions, more like a confederation or ancient model than a federal system. A regime where only local governments exist implies no central authority, which also isn’t federalism.